History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815, Volume 6

Archibald Alison

W. Blackwood, 1860 - Europe

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CHAPTER XXXV	1

A coupdétat is resolved on against the Jacobins	10

Admirable views of Napoleon on the subject	16

Alleged tendency of the institution to originate a patrician class	22

The surgeons report on his death and presumptions against Napoleon	28

Intense interest excited at Paris	34

General dissatisfaction which it occasioned	35

General satisfaction which the measure excited in foreign countries	41

The present expediency of that relaxation urged ib 20 The injury done to the Catholic population by the exclusive system	378

Answer of Lords Hawkesbury Sidmouth and Eldon	379

Argument against emancipation from the subordination of the Catholics to a foreign power	380

The present inexpediency of further concessions	381

Inefficiency of all past concession to allay the discontents of the country It is rejected by a large majority	382

Reflections on this subject Total failure of Catholic emancipation to pacify the country	383

Causes of this apparent anomaly	384

The immense confiscation of land in former times	385

Napoleons important observations on this subject	47

Speech of Napoleon on the government of the colonies	54

Strong opposition of Josephine to these attempts	66

Napoleons observations on Lafayettes vote	68

Answer of the First Consul to the address of the senate on the occasion	69

Napoleons ideas on the lists of eligibility	70

The usages of the English representative system inapplicable to France	71

Great changes in the constitution	72

Acceptance of the new constitution by the senate	73

Aspect of Paris and its society at this period ib Generous conduct of Mr Fox in defending Mr Pitt to the First Consul note	74

Formation of the lower gallery in the Louvre	75

Great satisfaction which these changes gave in foreign courts ib 81 Infamous proposals of Lucien rejected by Josephine	76

Suppression of the ministry of police	77

And dismissal of Fouché	78

Changes in the constitution of the senate	80

Renewed correspondence between Louis XVIII and Napoleon ib 86 Formation of the Code Napoleon	82

Extreme difficulty of legal reformation	83

Discussions on the subject of the Code in the council of state	84

Great ability of Napoleon in these discussions	85

Law of succession as finally fixed by Napoleon	86

Sketch of the French revolutionary system of succession ib 93 Prodigious effects of this law in subdividing land in France	88

Singular attachment of the modern French to this law	90

Which is fatal to all real freedom ib 96 Law regarding divorce	91

Great effects of the salutary changes introduced by Napoleon	92

Extreme difficulty of the task he had undertaken	93

Great public works set on foot in France	94

Vast improvements in Paris	95

CHAPTER XXXVI	97

Napoleon meditates an expedition to St Domingo Disastrous effects of the St Domingo revolt to the French navy	98

Description of St Domingo	99

Its statistical details	100

Origin of the revolution in that island Rash measures of the French Constituent Assembly	101

Freedom is conferred on all persons of colour	102

The insurrection breaks out	103

Furious civil war in the south of the island	104

The Constituent Assembly in vain try to retrace their steps	105

The French delegates in vain endeavour to settle differences	106

The insurrection becomes universal ib 13 The Girondists resolve upon unlimited concession	107

The arrival of the commissioners augments the discord	108

Storming and massacre of Cape Town	109

The universal freedom of the blacks is proclaimed	110

The English obtain a footing on the island but are soon expelled	111

Furious civil wars between the negroes and mulattoes ib 19 Napoleon confirms Toussaint in his command	112

Vigorous measures of the negro chief in the administration ib 21 His agricultural policy He is appointed president for life of the island	113

Napoleon instantly resolves to subdue the island	114

Increasing prosperity of the island under Toussaints administration ib 24 Preparations of Napoleon for its subjugation	116

Immense naval and military forces assembled	117

The British government makes no opposition ib 27 The expedition sails and arrives off St Domingo	118

First irresolution but final firmness of Toussaint	119

The French land and Cape Town is burnt by the blacks ib 30 But the French generally prevail in the field	120

Description of the mountainous interior to which the negroes retire	121

Fruitless attempt to induce Toussaint to submit	122

General and successful attack on his position	123

Desperate defence at CrêteàPierrot	124

The war assumes a guerilla character	125

Negotiations for the termination of hostilities Dignified conduct of Tous saint	126

General pacification	127

Treacherous views of Napoleon	128

Perfidious arrest of Toussaint by the French authorities ib 40 Subsequent treatment and death of Toussaint	129

Dreadful atrocities on both sides in Guadaloupe	130

General revolt in St Domingo Death of Le Clerc	131

Continued successes of the negroes	132

The rupture of the peace of Amiens causes the total destruction of the French	133

Reflections on the expedition ib 46 Degraded state of St Domingo ever since that time	135

Inferiority of the negro to the European	136

Ambitious designs of Napoleon in Europe	137

Holland is again revolutionised ib 50 And the Cisalpine republic again remodelled	139

Entry of Napoleon into Lyons Senatusconsultum there settling the Cisalpine government	140

Nature of the new constitution	142

Annexation of Piedmont to France ib 54 Construction of the road over Mont Cenis and the Simplon	143

Parma and Placentia are occupied with Elba	144

Progress of the negotiation regarding the German indemnities	145

Cordial union of France and Prussia in this matter	146

In return for which Prussia guarantees the French acquisitions in Italy	147

Policy of Austria in this negotiation and of Russia	148

Secret views of the latter power	149

Courageous act of Austria in occupying Passau ib 62 Angry correspondence in consequence between France and Austria	150

Conferences at Ratisbon	151

The principle of secularisation is admitted ib 65 Compensations respectively received ib Proportion in which the several powers gained acquisitions ...	152

It destroyed all ideas of public right or international law	154

Projects of Napoleon against Switzerland federal system in that country	155

Necessity of it in all extensive democratic states	156

Its adaptation to the varieties of the physical condition of Switzerland ib 71 Discontent which the central democratic government produced	157

Violent internal dissensions of the Swiss Cantons	158

Arguments adduced by the partisans of France	159

Answer of the partisans of the old institutions	160

Revolution effected by the aid of the French troops	161

But it does not answer the views of Napoleon	162

The government is again deposed and a new constitution framed by Napoleon	163

The French troops are withdrawn and the independence of the Valais is proclaimed	164

Upon which the government at Berne is overturned and the mountaineers prepare for war	165

Hostilities commence Great early success of the mountaineers	166

Diet assembled at Schwytz and total subversion of the central government	167

Forcible interference of the First Consul	168

The Swiss in vain invoke the aid of Austria England remonstrates in vain	170

The Swiss in despair submit and Ney overruns the country	171

Speech of the First Consul to the Swiss deputies at Paris	172

His statement of the proposed constitution	173

Discontent which his principles excite on both sides	174

His final Act of Mediation for the settlement of Helvetia	175

Equitable measures for the government of the country	176

Extreme dissatisfaction excited by this event over Europe	177

Opinion of Mr Fox on the subject and on the treatment of Holland note	179

Rapid improvement of the finances and trade of the country	180

Financial details	181

Causes of irritation which gradually arose with France	183

Complaints and demands of the First Consul	184

Answer of the British government	185

Trial of Peltier for a libel on the First Consul	186

Expedition of Sebastiani to Egypt	187

Violent explosion of Napoleon in conversation with Lord Whitworth	189

Danger to him from war and his assertion of desire to conciliate	190

And of the inveterate hostility of England	191

Hostile preparations on both sides Unanimity in England in support of the government	192

Second violent ebullition of Napoleon to Lord Whitworth	193

Diplomatic and military preparations of France	194

Note in reply to Napoleons complaints from Lord Hawkesbury	196

Ultimatum of both parties War is at length declared	197

Arrest of all the British travellers in France	198

General indignation which it excited even in France note	200

Defence of the retention of Malta	201

The aggressions of France on the Continent as a ground for war	202

And Napoleons measures specially directed against England	203

Results of noninterference during the peace	204

Arguments on the other side by the Opposition	205

Their defence of the German spoliations c	206

Reprobate the demands of Napoleon relative to the emigrants	207

And the sending of French commissioners to England	208

Reflections on the altered tone of the Opposition	209

England was obviously resolved on war	210

But it was unavoidable on Napoleons acknowledged intention ib 120 Napoleons own account of his designs against England at this period	211

121 The greatest stretches of power by France during his reign were made in time of peace	213

And vast growth during peace of her military power	214

His constant severity to his most friendly and submissive allies as exempli fied in the cases of Holland Sardinia and Spain	215

And in those of Portugal the Pope Venice c	216

His lenity to the great powers which resisted him	217

All which was a prelude to his grand final attack on England	218

CHAPTER XXXVII	219

Conquest of Hanover by the French	220

A convention is agreed to by the Hanoverian generals	221

Violation of neutral rights by the French generals	222

They extend themselves through southern Italy	223

Declarations against English commerce	224

Immense preparations on the shores of the Channel for the invasion of Britain ib 8 Object of these preparations Works at Boulogne	226

And in the other harbours in the Channel	227

Napoleon visits Antwerp and orders immense works there	229

His design for the invasion	230

And measures to enforce discipline in the army on the coast	231

Humiliating treaties agreed to by Switzerland Spain and Portugal	232

Louisiana sold to America and Piedmont annexed to France Vast force collected on the coast by the money thus gained	233

Military force and finances of France	234

Preparations of England to repel the danger	235

Numbers and warlike spirit of the volunteers	237

Naval preparations	238

Finances and new taxes of the year	239

Mr Pitts speech on fortifying London ib 22 Reflections on this measure	240

Napoleons opinion on the subject note	241

Murder of the Lord ChiefJustice in Dublin	242

Execution of the ringleaders	243

Naval events of the year	244

Defeat of Linois by the China fleet	245

Supplies and finances for 1804	246

General despondency which ensued in Britain	247

Which is increased by the alarming illness of the King	248

All eyes are turned to Mr Pitt and coalition against the ministry	249

Mr Pitt becomes Prime Minister	251

Vigorous measures of Lord Melville for the restoration of the navy	252

And admirable civil regulations for that service	253

Alexanders difference with France	254

Which leads to the recall of the Russian ambassador from Paris	255

Napoleon gains over Prussia by hinting at its getting Hanover	256

Immense sensation excited by the execution of the Duc dEnghien	257

The French government attempts a setoff by falsifying Mr Drakes pro ceedings at Stuttgard	258

Opinions of the diplomatic body at Paris on the subject	260

Note of Lord Hawkesbury on the subject and answer of Talleyrand note	261

Talleyrands answer	264

Further memorial of Russia	265

Pacific system of Austria	266

Its conduct on the death of the Duc dEnghien and the affair of Drake and Spencer Smith	268

Temporising policy of Prussia	269

The accession of Hardenberg to power produces no external change	270

They remonstrate against the seizure of Sir George Rumboldt	271

Hostile dispositions of Sweden	273

Which is taken advantage of by Great Britain	274

Extension of French power in Italy	275

Internal measures of Napoleon	276

Splendid fête at Boulogne ib 55 His vexation at the dispersion of his flotilla in the midst of it	278

Anecdotes of Napoleon at this period	279

Disgraceful adulation with which he was surrounded	281

Vast designs of the emperor at Mayence for the Confederation of the Rhine	282

Origin of the differences between England and Spain	283

Secret measures of hostility by the latter power	285

Catastrophe which precipitated hostilities	287

Which at once brings on a war	288

Arguments in parliament against the conduct of government	289

On its conduct with regard to the treasureships	291

Defence of the government by Mr Pitt	292

On the successive provocations given by the Spanish government	293

Defence of the capture of the frigates	294

The government is supported by parliament	295

Reflections on the subject ib 71 And particulars in which England appears to have been wrong	296

CHAPTER XXXVIII	298

Discontent of the republican officers of the army	299

Pichegru in London and royalist movements in France	300

Project of Fouché for getting up a conspiracy of republicans and royalists	301

The royalist leaders are landed on the French coast	302

Fouché reveals the plot to Napoleon and is restored to power Arrest of the conspirators	304

Consternation which the announcement of the plot excites in Paris	305

Arrest of Pichegru	307

History and character of the Duc dEnghien	308

Generous conduct of his grandfather on a proposal to assassinate Napo leon note	309

Occupation of the prince at that time	311

He is seized and conducted to Strassburg Vain intercession of Josephine	312

He had been vainly warned of his danger and is removed to Vincennes ib 15 Where he is delivered over to a military commission by Napoleons orde...	314

Gross iniquity committed towards him	315

He is convicted upon his declaration only without any evidence	316

His noble demeanour before the judges	317

His sentence and execution	318

His innocence is completely established after his death	319

Napoleons vindication of himself at St Helena	320

note	336

Arrival of the Pope at Paris	350

Reflections on these events	356

CHAPTER XXXIX	362

But to disguise it he proposes peace to Great Britain	363

His letter to the King of England ib 4 Answer of the British government	364

Great influence of the French press in Napoleons favour	365

Speech of Napoleon to the senate	366

Commencement of indirect taxation in France and flattering state of the finances	367

Public announcement of the alliance with Russia in the King of Englands opening speech to parliament	368

Important negotiations with the Russian ambassador at London	369

Basis here assumed for the whole revolutionary war	370

Treaties between Russia Prussia and Sweden and continued jealousy of Prussia towards Austria	371

Supplies for 1805 ib 13 Other parliamentary measures	372

Charges against Lord Melville	373

His impeachment and acquittal	374

The comparative toleration enjoyed under George III Reasons which induced its being only partial	375

Argument in favour of further relaxation from the Irish parliament hav ing now merged in the English one	377

The vesting of the forfeited estates in absentees ib 29 And total unfitness of the Irish at present for a free constitution	387

Important observations of Mr Locke on toleration	388

Dangerous mistake in giving the Irish political power	390

Measures of Napoleon at this period ib 33 Change of government in Holland	391

And assumption of the iron crown of Lombardy by the French Emperor	392

Napoleon assumes the crown of Lombardy ib 36 His journey into Italy	393

Splendid pageant on the field of Marengo	395

Napoleon enters Milan	396

Is crowned with the iron crown of Charlemagne	397

Adulatory addresses from Naples and Genoa ib 41 Napoleons reply to the latter body	398

Incorporation of Genoa with France and Napoleons secret designs in that step	399

Eugene appointed Viceroy of Italy and great improvements in his kingdom	400

Popularity of Napoleons government in Italy and great works which he undertook	401

His progress through the Italian cities	402

Magnificent fêtes at Genoa	403

Extinction of Lucca and incorporation of Parma and Placentia with France	404

Increasing jealousy of Austria and change in its ministry ib 49 Treaty offensive and defensive between Russia and England and its objects	406

Subsequent articles of agreement and provision for extending the treaty to Austria Sweden c	407

They disclaim all intention to control the French in the choice of their government note	408

Sweden also is included	409

Prussia in vain endeavours to mediate	410

Prussia persists in her neutrality from the hope of getting Hanover	411

And at length agrees to the French alliance on condition of obtaining that electorate	412

Napoleon repairs to Boulogne to superintend the English expedition	413

Immense force collected on the coasts of the Channel for that object	415

Its admirable organisation and equipment	416

Organisation of the Imperial Guard and Junots splendid grenadiers	417

Nature of the camps in which the soldiers were lodged	418

Rapid improvement in the character and habits of the army	419

And vigilant watching to which they were subjected	420

Vast extent of his correspondence with his officers note	421

Arguments for and against its success	422

His secret projects for effecting the passage	423

Autograph note which he has himself left on the subject note	424

Operations of the combined fleets of France and Spain to second the enterprise	426

Measures of defence by the English government	427

The Toulon and Rochefort squadrons put to sea	428

Alarm excited in Great Britain	429

The combined fleet steers for the West Indies ib 73 Uncertainty of Nelson He at length follows to the West Indies	430

Simultaneous anxiety of Napoleon as to Nelsons destination note	431

Combined fleet had returned to Europe Its secret orders	433

Entire success hitherto of Napoleons design which is penetrated by Nelson	434

Energetic measures of the Admiralty when they received his despatches	435

The combined fleet is outstripped by the British brig with the despatches	436

Sir Robert Calders action ib 80 The two fleets separate without decisive success	438

Vast importance of this action Napoleons conduct on receiving the intelligence of it	439

It totally defeats his welllaid designs	440

Cruel injustice to which Sir Robert Calder was meanwhile subjected ib 84 Sir Robert Calder is brought to a courtmartial	442

Nelson returns to England ib 86 Napoleon orders the combined fleet again to put to sea but it makes for Cadiz instead of Brest	443

Gantheaume in vain leaves Brest to meet them	444

Napoleons designs are in consequence entirely ruined and he sets off for Paris	445

Austria had been making hostile preparations	447

Both parties warmly assail the court of Munich with proposals for alliance	448

It finally joins France	450

The Austrians cross the Inn Forces on both sides	451

The army of England marches from Boulogne to the Rhine	452

Immense preparations of Napoleon	453

His address to the senate ib 96 Entire breaking up of the armament at Boulogne	454

The combined fleet is ordered nevertheless to sail from Cadiz	455

Restoration of the Gregorian Calendar	456

Enthusiastic reception of Nelson by the fleet	457

His stratagem to induce the enemy to leave the harbour	458

Which is completely successful	459

Dispositions on both sides	460

Magnificent aspect of the fleets as they approached each other	462

Order in which the English fleet bears down	463

Battle of Trafalgar Heroic conduct of Collingwood	464

Nelson next breaks the line	465

And engages the enemy in close combat	466

Nelson is mortally wounded	467

Details of the action in other quarters	468

Victory everywhere declares for the British	469

Nelsons last hours and death ib 113 Vast magnitude of the victory	470

Violent tempest and disasters to the prizes	473

Courteous intercourse with the Spaniards at Cadiz	475

Mingled joy and grief in Britain on the occasion	476

Honours granted to the family of Nelson ib 118 Character of that naval hero	477

Victory of Sir R Strachan	479

Reflections on the decisive nature of these successes	480

Comparison of victories at land and sea ib 122 Reflections on the manoeuvre of breaking the line	481

Which is safe only to the superior and braver power	483

if he had done so	485

And the probabilities of their success	486

Their probable result	487

CHAPTER XL	489

Union of different races and nations which compose the monarchy	490

Remarkable manner in which the Austrians have held together their empire	491

Great national reverses which this united spirit has enabled Austria to withstand	492

Which were all overcome by the steady attachment of the provinces	493

Reflections on the opposite state of the British empire ib 7 Superficial extent population and revenue of the Austrian empire	494

Situation of Austria Statistical details regarding that monarchy	495

Diversity of surface and natural productions in its provinces	496

General aspect of Bohemia Moravia Galicia and Hungary	497

Variety of races in Austria	499

Military resources of the empire	500

Composition and strength of the Austrian army	501

The military colonies	502

Mode of obtaining men for the army and officers	503

The great breeding stations for the cavalry	505

Taxation and finances of the empire	506

Foreign and internal commerce	507

General prosperity of the Austrian people	508

Their habits and character	509

Causes of this remarkable wellbeing of the Austrian peasantry	510

Provision for the poor in Austria	511

Austrian system of education	512

Religious institutions of the empire	514

General principle of the Austrian government	515

Vast natural capabilities of Austria	516

Austria is in fact a confederation of monarchies	517

Civil government in the Imperial dominions	518

Public debt of Austria	519

Depreciation of the Austrian paper during the war and present sinkingfund	521

Her government and policy ib 32 Her jealousy of Prussia and reliance on England	522

Leading persons of its cabinet at this period	523

Russia its rapid growth and steady policy ib 35 Statistics of the Empire	524

And state of the army	525

Character and manners of the Emperor Alexander	527

Austria deceived by Napoleons measures crosses the Inn	528

Her troops advance through Bavaria to the Black Forest	529

Efforts of Napoleon to gain Prussia	530

Negotiations between the two powers The Russians are denied a passage through the Prussian territories	531

March of the French troops towards Bavaria	532

Composition and direction of these forces	533

Violation of the Prussian territory by Bernadottes corps	535

Great indignation excited by this at Berlin ib 46 Hostile measures adopted by the cabinet of Berlin	536

Measures concerted between Russia Sweden and England in the north of Germany and neutrality of Naples	537

Napoleons proclamation to his troops	538

Movements of the French troops to surround the Austrians	539

Macks defensive arrangements ib 51 Four thousand Imperialists are cut to pieces by Murat	540

Recompenses bestowed by Napoleon on the soldiers engaged	541

The French sweep entirely round the Austrian position	542

Measures of Mack to extricate himself	543

Bloody combat at Hasslach	544

Capitulation of four thousand Austrians in Memmingen and complete investment of Ulm	545

Napoleons address to his soldiers at the bridge of the Lech	546

Mack resolves to detach the Archduke Ferdinand to Bohemia and himself remain at Ulm	547

Description of the Austrian position at Elchingen	548

Combat of Elchingen	549

Retreat of the Archduke Ferdinand with great loss	550

Surrender of Werneck with eight thousand men	551

The heights round Ulm are carried by Napoleon	552

Negotiations for the surrender of Mack	553

He capitulates at first conditionally ib 66 And then unconditionally	555

The army of Mack defiles before Napoleon ib 68 Feelings of the two armies on the occasion	557

Napoleons message to the senate ib His proclamation to his soldiers note	558

The blame of these disasters really divided between Mack and the Aulic Council	559

Errors of the cabinet of Vienna in the general plan of the campaign	560

The Archduke Charles kept on the defensive in Italy	561

Position of the French at Verona ib 74 Forcing of the bridge of Verona	562

Bloody but indecisive actions at Caldiero ib 76 Desperate conflict in the centre	564

The French are in the end repulsed	565

The Archduke resolves to retreat to cover Vienna	566

Gallant conduct of the Austrian rearguard ib 80 The Archduke continues his retreat to Laybach in Carinthia	567

Advance of Napoleons army through Bavaria	568

Defensive measures of the Austrians	569

Increasing irritation of Prussia	570

Arrival of Alexander at Berlin and conclusion of a treaty with Russia	572

Nocturnal visit to the tomb of the Great Frederick ib 86 Prussia subsequently relapses into her temporising system	573

Opinions on the subject in a council of war at Potsdam	574

Landing of the Allies in Hanover	575

Operations in the Tyrol ib 90 Desperate conflict in storming the heights	576

Surrender of Jellachich	578

Bold enterprise and final failure of the Prince de Rohan ib 93 Napoleon advances into Upper Austria	579

His measures at Lintz to envelop Kutusoff	580

Austrian proposals of peace which come to nothing	581

Kutusoff withdraws to the left bank of the Danube	582

Continued advance of the French towards Vienna	583

Destruction of part of Mortiers corps by Kutusoff	584

Desperate action at Dürrenstein	585

The French are at length successful	586

Mortier recrosses the Danube	587

Napoleon advances rapidly on Vienna	588

Description of that city	589

Seizure of the bridge of Vienna	590

Discreditable stratagem by which it was seized	591

Napoleon passes through Vienna and establishes headquarters at Schönbrun	592

Subsequent movements of the armies	593

Finesse of Kutusoff in parrying the attempts of the French to circum vent him	594

Heroic action of Bagrathion who at length makes good his retreat	595

Junction of the Russian armies and critical position of Napoleon	596

Able measures of Napoleon to avert this danger	597

Conduct of the French at Vienna	598

Forces on the two sides	599

Napoleon reconnoitres the field of Austerlitz	600

Simulate negotiations on both sides to gain time	601

Conversation between Napoleon and Alexanders aidedecamp	604

Haugwitz arrives from Berlin ib 119 The Allies advance to Wischau	605

Preparatory movements on both sides	606

Napoleons measures to draw the enemy on	607

Allied order of battle	609

Description of the field of battle	610

Disposition of the French troops	611

Nocturnal illumination of the French lines ib 126 Movements on both sides in the morning	612

Napoleon at length orders the attack	613

Battle of Austerlitz	614

The French cut through the Russian centre	615

Progress of the action on the French left	616

Vehement conflict of the Russian and French Imperial Guards	618

Decisive charge of Rapp with the French cavalry of the Guard	619

Decisive successes of the French	620

Victory also declares for the French on their left	621

Results of the battle	622

Dangers of Napoleons situation notwithstanding his success	623

The Austrians sue for an armistice	624

Interview of the Emperor Francis with Napoleon ib 139 Armistice with Russia	626

Armistice of Austerlitz	627

Dissimulation of Prussia and accommodation with that power	628

It entirely succeeded	629

Treaty of alliance with Prussia which gains Hanover	630

Indignation this treaty excited at Berlin	631

Affairs of Naples	632

And of the north of Germany	633

Peace of Pressburg	634

Secret articles of the treaty	636

Sentence of dethronement of the King of Naples	637

Reflections on this step ib 152 Secret views of Napoleon in this step	639

VOL VI	641

Importance of the valley of the Danube as the theatre of contest be tween France and Austria	642

Dangers of Napoleons position before the battle of Austerlitz	643

Vast growth of the military power of France during the peace	644

Similar growth during peace characterised all the reign of Napoleon ib 159 Justification which this affords of the British policy during the war	646

Errors of the Allies in the plan of the campaign	647

And their great imprudence	648

Ruinous effects of the indecision of Prussia	650

Ability displayed by Mr Pitt in the formation of this confederacy	651

Its failure is no impeachment of the justice of his principles ib 166 His defective military combination	652

His last illness and death	653

His early life education and first entrance into public life	654

Character of Mr Pitt and his mighty achievements ib 170 Principles of his domestic administration	655

How he was first drawn into the war	656

He became the great champion against the French Revolution	657

Progressive and steady growth of his fame	658

Erroneous views of foreign writers on his designs	659

His errors	660

Opinion of the democratic party in England of him	662

2232	663

His private character Funeral honours paid to him ib APPENDIX	665

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Common terms and phrases

Admiral ambassador Archduke arms army arrived assembled Austria authority Bavaria Bign Bour Brest Britain British government cabinet Cadiz cantons Cape Town CHAP chief Clerc colony command commenced constitution Consul contest corps council Danube declared decree dominions Duc d'Enghien Emperor empire enemy England English established Europe European favour Ferrol fleet force France French government French troops harbour Holland honour hostilities hundred immediately immense Imperial important independence influence inhabitants interests island Italy liberty Malta measures ment military minister monarchy mulattoes Napo Napoleon nation naval negroes never Norv Paris Parl party peace persons Pichegru Port-au-Prince possession princes principles Prussia received remained rendered Republic restore Revolution revolutionary Russian ships soldiers soon squadrons St Domingo St Petersburg success Switzerland territory Thib Thiers thousand throne tion Toussaint Treaty of Amiens Treaty of Lunéville Vaud vessels victory Vienna viii whole XXXIX XXXV XXXVI

Popular passages

Page 460 - my plan of attack, as far as a man dare venture to guess at the very uncertain position the enemy may be found in: but it is to place you perfectly at ease respecting my intentions, and to give full scope to your judgment for carrying them into effect. We can, my dear Coll, have no little jealousies. We have only one great object in view, that of annihilating our enemies, and getting a glorious peace for our country. No man has more confidence in another than I have in you; and no man will render...‎

Appears in 146 books from 1813-2007

Page 389 - I say these have no right to be tolerated by the magistrate; as neither those that will not own and teach the duty of tolerating all men in matters of mere religion. For what do all these and the like doctrines signify, but that they may, and are ready upon any occasion to seize the government, and possess themselves of the estates and fortunes of their fellowsubjects; and that they only ask leave to be tolerated by the magistrates so long, until they find themselves strong enough to effect it?‎

Appears in 101 books from 1796-2008

Page 458 - May the great God, whom I adore, enable me to fulfil the expectations of my country ; and if it is his good pleasure that I should return, my thanks will never cease being offered up to the throne of his mercy. If it is his good providence to cut short my days upon earth, I bow with the greatest submission, relying that he will protect those so dear to me whom I may leave behind. His will be done. Amen! Amen! Amen!‎

Appears in 151 books from 1806-2008

Page 469 - as that officer, though often sent for, could not leave the deck, Nelson feared that some fatal cause prevented him, and repeatedly cried : " Will no one bring Hardy to me ? He must be killed ! He is surely dead!‎

Appears in 160 books from 1808-2008

Page 477 - Nelson — so the gunner of the Victory called them ; and when, at his interment, his flag was about to be lowered into the grave, the sailors who assisted at the ceremony with one accord rent it in pieces, that each might preserve a fragment while he lived.‎

Appears in 66 books from 1813-2007

Page 467 - Hardy, the chaplain, and the medical attendants. He himself being certain, from the sensation in his back, and the gush of blood...‎

Appears in 161 books from 1813-2008

Page 461 - May the Great God whom I worship, grant to my Country, and for the benefit of Europe in general, a great and glorious Victory; and may no misconduct in anyone tarnish it; and may humanity after Victory be the predominant feature in the British Fleet. For myself individually, I commit my life to Him who made me, and may His blessing light upon my endeavours for serving my Country faithfully.‎

Appears in 159 books from 1807-2007

Page 470 - ten ships have struck, but five of the van have tacked, and show an intention to bear down upon the Victory. I have called two or three of our fresh ships round, and have no doubt of giving them a drubbing." "I hope," said Nelson, "none of our ships have struck?" Hardy answered, "There was no fear of that.‎

Appears in 137 books from 1813-2008

Page 637 - No, no ! The dynasty of Naples has ceased to reign. Its existence is incompatible with the repose of Europe and the honour of my crown.‎

Appears in 45 books from 1813-2006

Page 477 - There was reason to suppose from the appearances upon opening the body, that in the course of nature he might have attained, like his father, to a good old age. Yet he cannot be said to have fallen prematurely whose work was done ; nor ought he to be lamented, who died so full of honours, and at the height of human fame.‎

Appears in 77 books from 1816-2008

Bibliographic information

Title	History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815, Volume 6 History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815, Archibald Alison
Author	Archibald Alison
Edition	10
Publisher	W. Blackwood, 1860
Original from	the New York Public Library
Digitized	9 Aug 2007

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