Now it is curious that the old Páli equivalents of these letters form, when combined together, a monogram of exactly the same shape as the symbol which I have attributed to Dharma. In Plate XXXII., fig. 3, I have given this monogram, with the single letters which compose it placed in a line below. In all the monograms, both of the bas-reliefs and of the coins, the symbol is crossed by a horizontal line in the middle, which I take to represent the lower stroke of the Páli letter n, the radical of "void space, or vacuity." This, therefore, must be the fifth element, the ákás of the Hindus, and the auong of the Greeks. The symbol is thus strictly composed of the five radical letters of the five elements, y, air; r, fire; V, water; 1, earth; and n, ether; which when combined contain the letters, for Mount Sumeru, as well as the letter ŏ, m, or manas, or mind.* In Plate XXXII., I have given all the different specimens of this symbol that I can collect from various sources.

Fig. 3 is the simple monogram, composed of the five radical letters of the elements.

Fig. 4 is a quadruple specimen of this symbol, from a bas-relief medallion on one of the pillars at Andher. The same is found on No. 10 coin of Plate XXXI.

Fig. 8 shows the elemental symbol crowning the staff of a flag or military ensign.

* A strong proof of the correctness of this explanation is found in the, swastika, or mystic cross, which appears to be only a monogram or literal symbol of the old letters, su, and ⇓, ti, or suti, which is the Pali form of the Sanskrit swasti.

Fig. 9 is one of the ornaments from a necklace in the Sánchi bas-reliefs.

Fig. 10 is the same monogram, but very highly ornamented. Two of these symbols are placed on the summits of the Sánchi gateways, one on each side of the wheel-symbol of Buddha.

Fig. 13 is a copper coin from the ruins of the ancient city of Ayodhya, or Ajudhya, in Oudh. The inscription in Old Páli is Vijaya Mitasa, "(coin) of VIJAYA MITRA." In the centre is the monogrammatic symbol. Vijaya Mitra was most probably one of the ancient kings of Oudh, although his name is not to be found in the fabulous lists of any of the Puránas.

Fig. 14 is the reverse of a copper coin, procured from several old cities around Ujain. In the centre is the quadruple symbol of Dharma already described.

Fig. 15 is from one of the Sánchi bas-reliefs, on a sword scabbard.

Fig. 16 is from the coins of the Indo-Scythian Kadphises.

Fig. 17 is from the coins of Kunanda, the brother of Amogha.

Fig. 18 is from the coins of Sasa, of the family of Gondophares.

Fig. 19 is from the Sánchi colonnade inscriptions. Fig. 20 is from the Sánchi colonnade inscriptions. Fig. 21, from the Sánchi bas-reliefs, shows the symbol placed on an altar.

Fig. 22, also from the Sánchi bas-reliefs of the South Gateway, gives a triple representation of the symbol of Dharma, which is most probably intended for the Buddhist triad of Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha.

8. The third member of the triad is represented in Plate XXXII., fig. 1, from a bas-relief of No. 2 Tope at Sánchi. In this the wheel, or emblem of Buddha, is placed above the monogram or symbol of Dharma, perhaps to indicate the superiority of Spirit over Matter. On the obverse of coin No. 10, Plate XXXI., the symbol is represented in the contrary manner, with the monogram of Dharma above, and the wheel of Buddha below. This, I presume, denotes the belief of the striker of the coin in the superiority of Dharma, or elemental Nature, over Buddha, or Spirit.

9. Two different spellings have been given for the name of sangha. Schlegel writes it sangga; and ☛☛ Professor H. H. Wilson, sanggha. The latter appears to be the more correct reading, as the Bhilsa Tope inscriptions invariably spell it sangha, with the gh.

10. The triple emblem, represented in fig. 22, Plate XXXII., is one of the most valuable of the Sánchi sculptures, as it shows in the clearest and most unequivocal manner the absolute identity of the holy Brahmanical JAGANNATH with the ancient Buddhist Triad. The similarity between the Buddhist procession of images described by Fa Hian and that o.