handle on the summit; and then announced to the king that the Tope was finished. The dying monarch was carried to the holy spot, and laid upon a carpet opposite the southern entrance, where, after gazing with delight on the Tope, he breathed his last. The pinnacle and the plastering of the dome, and the enclosing parapet wall, were all completed by his brother Saddhátisso who succeeded him on the throne of Ceylon.

13. About one hundred and twenty years afterwards, between 19 and 9 B. C., the Raja Bhátikábhayo festooned the great Tope with garlands of jessamine flowers from top to bottom, and fixed flowers in the intervals by their stalks. He next covered the Chaitya with a paste of red lead, one finger thick, and studded the paste with flowers. He then buried the whole chaitya, from the steps at its enclosure to the top of its pinnacle, in a heap of flowers: and lastly he white-whashed it with oyster-shell lime, and studded it over with a net-work of pánála stones, and fixed golden flowers, of the size of chariot-wheels, in the interstices. He likewise added two cornices,* or copings, to the basement of the building.

14. Between the year 21 and 30 A. D., the Raja Amandagúmini erected another chattat on the pinnacle of the Great Tope, and added copings to the base and crown of the dome. Images of the four

• Mahawano, p. 211-215.

+ Mahawanso, p. 221-Chattadhichattan, or "Chatta-abovechatta." See the Sanchi Chaitya No. 1.

Buddhas were presented to the Great Tope by Raja Wasabho who reigned from 66 to 110 A. D. And lastly, Raja Sirinago, between the years 184 and 209 a. D., gilded* the chatta of the Maháthupo, and inserted gems in the centre of each of the "four emblems of the sun."+

15. This account agrees so closely with the present state of the great Sánchi chaitya that it might be taken as an actual description of that building. The hemispherical form, the square crown, the chatta above chatta, are all the same, and there are also the same statues of the four Buddhas, and the same "emblems of the sun" over the four gateways.

16. In the Maháthupo, the relic-chamber was placed low down in the building, for the king had to "descend" into it to deposit the casket. But in the Thupárámo, which was built by Devánampriya about 240 B. C., the chamber was excavated knee deep on the summit of the dome for the reception of the relics. This agrees with the position of the chamber in the great Tope at Sonári.

17. Lastly, the ground was consecrated by the Bhikshus with the performance of uposatho and other rites, after the boundary had been marked out by the king in procession with a golden plough drawn by two state elephants. This ceremony was performed

* Mahawanso, p. 226.

+ Mahawanso, p. 229-chattunan suriyanan, " four suns." Mahwanso, p. 104.

Mahawanso, p. 98.

with the same display which has already been described in the procession of the relic-casket.

18. But this account describes only the older kind of Tope, which was a simple hemisphere, such as the great Chaityas at Sánchi and at Satdhára, and which probably date as high as the middle of the sixth century before our era. The next in point of antiquity are the Topes around Bhilsa, which contain the relics of Asoka's missionaries, and of the venerable Mogaliputra, who conducted the proceedings of the Third Synod. In these, which were built in the end of the third century before Christ, the dome is raised a few feet above the basement by a cylindrical plinth. The third class of Topes are those represented in the Sánchi bas-reliefs, which date between 19 and 37 A. D. In these the hemisphere is placed on a plinth of equal height, so that the centre of the dome is the centre of the whole building. Six representations of this kind of Tope occur amongst the Sánchi bas-reliefs, of which one is on the southern gate of No. 2 Tope, and another on the southern gate of No. 3 Tope.'

19. The crystal Chaitya discovered in No. 2 Tope, at Bhojpur, is also of the same shape; and I am therefore inclined to attribute the erection of that Tope to the beginning of the Christian era. The Topes in Affghanistan are mostly of this shape. In the latest Topes, of which Sárnáth, near Benares, is a magnificent specimen, the plinth is equal in height to the diameter of the hemisphere. Two specimens of

For two of these Topes see Plate III., figs. 1 and 2.

N

this kind are given in Plate III., from the small dedicatory Topes now lying in the enclosure of the Great Sanchi Chaitya.

age

20. From these remarks it is evident that the of almost every Tope may be obtained approximately from its shape; the most ancient being a simple hemisphere, and the latest a tall round tower surmounted by a dome.

CHAPTER XIV.

SÁNCHI TOPES.

1. THE small village of Sánchi is situated on the low ridge of a sandstone hill, on the left bank of the Betwa, about five miles and a half to the south-west of Bhilsa, and twenty miles to the north-east of Bhupál. The hill is flat-topped and isolated, with a steep cliff to the eastward; and to the westward an easy slope covered with jungul at the foot, and near the top broken into steps by horizontal ledges of rock.

2. The general direction of the hill is from north to south, and its whole summit is covered with ruins. But the principal buildings that now remain occupy only the middle part of the level top, and a narrow belt leading down the hill to the westward. The summit itself has a gentle slope in the same direction with the dip of the strata; and the level of the court of the great Tope is some twelve or fifteen feet below that of the ruined vihar and temple on the eastern edge of the precipice. The hill, which is about three hundred feet in height, is formed of a light red sandstone, hard and compact in texture, but subject to